In case you are new to the term RAID I suggest you to read the below article to get an overall knowledge on RAID as well all the levels along with their usage
RAID levels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0+1, 1+0 features explained in detail
In this article I will try to stick to the point and will explain how you can configure a Software RAID with level 1 i.e. mirroring feature.
To start of you need to know the pre-requisites of RAID 1 i.e. it requires minimum of 2 hard disks and since we are configuring software RAID so you can divide the same hard disk into two partition for testing purpose but it is always advised to use two separate hard disks so that you do not suffer any data loss in case of any failure.
I am doing this setup on my VMware Workstation where my box already has 2 hard disks in place. So next I will just start with creating partitions
Creating Partitions
# ls -l /dev/sd*
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Sep 19 22:50 /dev/sda
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Sep 19 22:50 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Sep 19 22:50 /dev/sda2
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Sep 19 22:54 /dev/sdb
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 32 Sep 19 22:52 /dev/sdc
Verify that the device we are working with aren't already configured for mdraid
# mdadm --examine /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
mdadm: No md superblock detected on /dev/sdb.
mdadm: No md superblock detected on /dev/sdc.
So it says "No md superblock detected" which means no raid is configured for both the disk
Next start creating the partition
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklab
el
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x37a6235e.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-652, default 1):[Leave blank and hit ENTER for default]
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-652, default 652):[Leave blank and hit ENTER for default]
Using default value 652
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x37a6235e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 652 5237158+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
# fdisk /dev/sdc
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklab el
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x31c93154.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-783, default 1):[Leave blank and hit ENTER for default]
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-783, default 783):[Leave blank and hit ENTER for default]
Using default value 783
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
Let us inform the OS of our new partitions and the changes
# partprobe /dev/sdb
# partprobe /dev/sdc
Re-examine our disk for the changes
# mdadm --examine /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
/dev/sdb:
MBR Magic : aa55
Partition[0] : 10474317 sectors at 63 (type fd)
/dev/sdc:
MBR Magic : aa55
Partition[0] : 12578832 sectors at 63 (type fd)
Creating RAID partition
# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
mdadm: largest drive (/dev/sdc1) exceeds size (5233024K) by more than 1%
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
| Value | Description |
| --level | Set RAID level. When used with --create, options are: linear, raid0, 0, stripe, raid1, 1, mirror, raid4, 4, raid5, 5, raid6, 6, raid10, 10, multipath, mp, faulty, container. |
| --raid-devices | Specify the number of active devices in the array. |
The below command will show you the active devices on the RAID
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md0 : active raid1 sdc1[1] sdb1[0]
5233024 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
unused devices: <none>
To see more details about our md device
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Fri Sep 19 23:02:52 2014
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 5233024 (4.99 GiB 5.36 GB)
Used Dev Size : 5233024 (4.99 GiB 5.36 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Sep 19 23:07:39 2014
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Name : test2.example:0 (local to host test2.example)
UUID : 5a463788:9bf2659a:09d1c73a:9adcbbbd
Events : 17
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
Format the mdadm device
Now one thing to keep in mind is that now we are not working with any one of the partition instead we are working on a raid filesystem containing both the partition
We will format using ext4 filesystem since I am using CentOS 6.4 which supports ext4
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1308256 blocks
65412 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 22 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
Mount the md device
# mkdir /myraid
# mount /dev/md0 /myraid/
Verify the partition
# df -h /myraid/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0 5.0G 138M 4.6G 3% /myraid
Now what would happen if one of my drive stops working?
To check the output first let us create some files inside our raid so that we can verify the data loss
I will copy some files from /root to /myraid/ directory
# cp -rvf /root/\* /myraid/
`/root/anaconda-ks.cfg' -> `/myraid/anaconda-ks.cfg'
`/root/Desktop' -> `/myraid/Desktop'
`/root/Documents' -> `/myraid/Documents'
`/root/Downloads' -> `/myraid/Downloads'
`/root/install.log' -> `/myraid/install.log'
`/root/install.log.syslog' -> `/myraid/install.log.syslog'
`/root/log' -> `/myraid/log'
`/root/Music' -> `/myraid/Music'
`/root/Pictures' -> `/myraid/Pictures'
`/root/Public' -> `/myraid/Public'
`/root/Templates' -> `/myraid/Templates'
`/root/Videos' -> `/myraid/Videos'
So now we have files which we need to protect in case of any hard disk failure from the raid device.
Let us manually fail one of the device
# mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1
mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0
Verify your data
[root@test2 myraid]# ll
total 120
-rw-------. 1 root root 1629 Sep 19 23:18 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Downloads
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 49565 Sep 19 23:18 install.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10033 Sep 19 23:18 install.log.syslog
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 log
drwx------. 2 root root 16384 Sep 19 23:14 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 19 23:18 Videos
Everything looks in place. That was wonderful.
IMPORTANT NOTE: But you again you need to remember that RAID 1 needs minimum of 2 hard disk for mirroring purpose because if next time any of your hard disk fails you will loose all your data
Check the active and available devices under you mdraid device
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Fri Sep 19 23:02:52 2014
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 5233024 (4.99 GiB 5.36 GB)
Used Dev Size : 5233024 (4.99 GiB 5.36 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Sep 19 23:21:54 2014
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 1
Working Devices : 1
Failed Devices : 1
Spare Devices : 0
Name : test2.example:0 (local to host test2.example)
UUID : 5a463788:9bf2659a:09d1c73a:9adcbbbd
Events : 19
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 0 0 0 removed
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
0 8 17 - faulty /dev/sdb1
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